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- February 21, 1983WORLDExorcising Old Ghosts
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- Klaus Barbie, the "Butcher of Lyon," brings back the past
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- Few Nazi war criminals have been so hated in France as Klaus
- Barbie, the infamous "Butcher of Lyon." While serving as head
- of the Gestapo in Lyon from 1942 to 1944, Barbie ordered the
- execution of more than 4,000 people and the deportation of 7,000
- French Jews to concentration camps. His hands were also stained
- with the blood of Jean Moulin, France's most revered Resistance
- leader, who is believed to have died under torture in 1943.
- Twice Barbie was tried in absentia for his crimes and sentenced
- to death by French tribunals. But for more than three decades
- the Nazi managed to escape punishment and, indeed, prospered in
- Bolivia under the alias Klaus Altmann.
-
- Last week Barbie, 69, was back in Lyon, locked away in Montluc,
- the prison where he tortured and jailed thousands. The full
- details of his heinous past and his flight from justice have yet
- to be told, but when he is brought to trial a third time, a
- Pandora's box of incriminating evidence against a number of
- French collaborators may be opened. The trial could even
- provide embarrassing details of a U.S. scheme to enlist the
- former Gestapo officer as an intelligence source after World War
- II.
-
- Word of Barbie's expulsion from Bolivia stunned France. Barbie:
- The Ghosts Return, read the headline of Le Quotidien de Paris.
- An equally macabre banner was printed by Le Fibaro: The Devils
- Exhumed. Even before Barbie's arrival in Lyon, relatives of
- some of his victims began to gather in front of the heavy green
- wooden doors of Montluc in silent vigil. "I just want to get
- a look at his face," said a woman who survived Dachau. In the
- end, there was nothing to see. Closely guarded by French
- security agents, the prisoner flashed past in a blue armored
- police van.
-
- France had previously demanded the return of Barbie, but
- Bolivian military leaders with close ties to the ex-Nazi
- businessman had refused. When leftist civilians took office in
- Bolivia last October, President Francois Mitterrand's government
- decided to try again. This time the Bolivians agreed to
- cooperate. In an apparent effort to pave the way for Barbie's
- expulsion, Bolivian police picked him u p on Jan. 25 and charged
- him with fraud in connection with a $10,000 loan from the state.
- Barbie immediately repaid the debt, plus interest, but it did
- him little good. Instead of releasing him, Bolivian officials
- put him on a plane bound for Cayenne, the capital of French
- Guiana. When told he had been handed over to French
- authorities, the Butcher of Lyon made a gesture, as if slitting
- his throat.
-
- The French government did everything it could to ensure that
- Barbie was hustled out of Latin America without incident. The
- Clysee dispatched a presidential DC-8 jet to Cayenne to fly him
- back to France. West Germany had also sought Barbie's
- extradition, but the Bonn government decided to let the French
- have him. Cynics were quick to point out that the Mitterrand
- government's dogged effort to bring the Nazi to trial could only
- win votes for the Socialists in the French municipal elections
- set for next month.
-
- Barbie's arrest was particularly gratifying to Serge and Beate
- Klarsfeld, a French lawyer and his German-born wife who have
- specialized in tracking down Nazi criminals. When a Munich
- court tried to close the Barbie case in 1971, Beate Klarsfeld
- launched an international protest campaign that eventually
- turned up information on the missing SS man's whereabouts in
- Latin America. Largely on the basis of new evidence from the
- Klarsfelds, Lyon Magistrate Christian Riss decided to reopen the
- Barbie dossier in February 1982. This was necessary because his
- 1947 and 1954 convictions had lapsed as a result of France's
- 20-year statute of limitations on war crimes. Last November,
- Riss officially indicted the onetime Gestapo captain for "crimes
- against humanity," giving the Mitterrand government legal ground
- for going after Barbie.
-
- During their investigation, the Klarsfelds also concluded that
- Barbie might have had links to U.S. Intelligence in the years
- after the war. Because the Americans were using the Gestapo man
- to glean information on operations in Soviet-controlled areas,
- they allegedly refused to turn him over to French security.
- Erhard Dabringhaus, a language professor at Detroit's Wayne
- State University, worked for Army counterintelligence in 1948,
- and claims that he was ordered to find Barbie a safe house in
- Germany and pay him $1,700 a month, a sum that went a long way
- in postwar Europe, for his intelligence reports. When
- Dabringhaus found out about Barbie's checkered past, he informed
- his superiors. Says he: "They told me to forget it for now.
- When he was no longer useful, they would deal with him." They
- never did. In 1951 Barbie turned up in Genoa, Italy, before
- escaping to Bolivia with documents issued by the International
- Committee of the Red Cross.
-
- More details are bound to come to light when the trial begins
- next year. Because of the statute of limitations much of the
- evidence presented previously will be inadmissible this time in
- court. But prosecutors have compiled a full dossier for his new
- trial. He will probably be charged with rounding up and
- shooting railway employees in Oullins, outside of Lyon, and
- organizing a police raid in which 86 Jews were arrested. The
- most poignant case against him centers on the deportation of 41
- Jewish orphans, aged 3 to 13, from the village of Izieux to the
- Auschwitz death camp. If convicted, however, Barbie will escape
- the guillotine, since France abolished the death penalty in
- 1981.
-
- The Barbie trial could prove a long and lacerating experience
- for a nation that has still not fully come to terms with its
- wartime past, especially if Barbie should begin to give the
- names of Frenchmen who collaborated with him. Says Lyon
- Newspaper Editor Bernard Villeneuve: "For France, this affair
- will be an exorcism. This has marked our political life for 40
- years. While I do not want to deny the past, I do think that
- my generation is tired. They would like to put it behind them
- once and for all." It might not prove so easy. The Butcher of
- Lyon can no longer imprison and torture, but he still has the
- means to make France suffer.
-
- --By John Kohan. Reported by William Blaylock/Paris and Tala
- Skari/Lyon
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